![]() It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed.” The term “fixed calendar” is generally understood to refer to the non-intercalated calendar. The Encyclopaedia of Islam concludes “The Arabic system of can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur’an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur’anic meaning of Nasī’. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ns’’ has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription, where a religious ritual was “postponed” ( ns’’w) due to war. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like Ibn Hisham, Ibn Manzur, and the corpus of Qur’anic exegesis. According to this view, Nasī’ is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. Some scholars, both Muslim and Western, maintain that the pre-Islamic calendar used in central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. ĭifferent interpretations of the concept of Nasī’ have been proposed. According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of Kinanah, by a man known as the al-Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants (pl. The Qur’anlinks the four forbidden months with Nasī’, a word that literally means “postponement”. Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of Procopius, where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir which happened in the summer of 541 AD/CE. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. ![]() The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah, Hejaz, and Najd distinguished between two types of months, permitted ( ḥalāl) and forbidden ( ḥarām) months. The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram. Both al Biruni and al-Mas’udi suggest that the ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs. At least some of these South Arabian calendars followed the lunisolar system. Inscriptions of the ancient South Arabian calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars. History Pre-Islamic calendarįor central Arabia, especially Mecca, there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the Abbasid era. In the Gregorian calendar, 1440 AH runs from approximately 11 September 2018 to 30 August 2019. In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH (“Before the Hijra”). ![]() In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( سَنة هِجْريّة, abbreviated هـ). In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, “in the year of the Hijra”) in parallel with the Christian (AD), Common (CE) and Jewish eras (AM). During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community ( ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was established as the Islamic New Year of 622 AD/CE. Rents, wages and similar regular commitments are generally paid by the civil calendar. Notable exceptions to this rule are Iran and Afghanistan, which use the Solar Hijri calendar. The civil calendar of almost all countries where the religion is predominantly Muslim is the Gregorian calendar. It is used to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar ( ا لتقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.
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